Congenital heart defects refer to a group of structural abnormalities or malformations that occur in the heart at birth. These conditions are a result of abnormal development of the heart during the early stages of fetal growth, leading to abnormalities in the heart's structure and function.
The term "congenital" indicates that the defects are present from birth, although they may not be detected until later in life. Such defects can affect various parts of the heart, including its walls, valves, blood vessels, or the chambers themselves. Common examples of congenital heart defects include ventricular septal defect (VSD), atrial septal defect (ASD), tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of the great arteries, and coarctation of the aorta.
Congenital heart defects can vary in severity, with some causing minimal or no symptoms, while others are life-threatening and require immediate medical intervention. Symptoms may include difficulty breathing, a bluish tint to the skin (cyanosis), poor growth, fatigue, heart murmurs, and recurrent infections. The causes of congenital heart defects are often unknown, but they can be influenced by genetic factors, maternal health conditions (such as diabetes or certain infections during pregnancy), or exposure to certain medications or substances.
Diagnosis typically involves a comprehensive evaluation by a pediatric cardiologist, involving physical examinations, electrocardiograms (ECG), echocardiograms, and occasionally, cardiac catheterization or other imaging tests. Treatment options for congenital heart defects may include close monitoring, medication, surgery, or other specialized procedures, aiming to improve the heart's function and blood flow, as well as prevent complications and improve the individual's quality of life.
