Childhood Absence Epilepsies (CAEs) refer to a group of idiopathic epileptic syndromes that primarily occur during childhood. They are characterized by recurrent episodes of brief, sudden lapses of awareness, called absence seizures. These seizures are often accompanied by typical manifestations such as staring blankly, cessation of ongoing activities, and slight body jerks. The seizures usually last for a few seconds and end abruptly, without any postictal confusion or motor manifestations.
Children with CAEs appear developmentally normal between seizures and do not experience any significant cognitive decline. However, they may have impairments in attention and concentration, leading to academic difficulties. These epilepsies typically become evident between 4 and 10 years of age, and the frequency of seizures can vary greatly among individuals. CAEs can persist into adolescence and occasionally into adulthood, but they usually resolve by the time the individual reaches their late teens.
The underlying cause of Childhood Absence Epilepsies is currently unknown, but they are thought to involve abnormal electrical activity in the brain, specifically the thalamocortical network. Genetic factors play a significant role, with certain genes and mutations being associated with an increased risk of developing CAEs.
Treatment for CAEs primarily involves antiepileptic medications, such as ethosuximide, valproate, or lamotrigine, to reduce the frequency and severity of seizures. Medication selection is individualized based on the patient's specific needs and preferences. With appropriate treatment, the prognosis for individuals with CAEs is generally favorable, with many patients experiencing a reduction or complete cessation of seizures, enabling them to lead normal lives.
