Cervical cancer is a type of cancer that affects the cervix, which is the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. It begins when abnormal cell growth occurs in the lining of the cervix, leading to the formation of tumors. Cervical cancer is usually caused by persistent infection with certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV), a sexually transmitted infection.
The disease often develops slowly, with precancerous changes known as dysplasia occurring before cancerous cells develop. This precancerous stage can be detected through regular screenings such as Pap smears or HPV tests, allowing for early intervention before cancer develops.
Common symptoms of cervical cancer may include abnormal vaginal bleeding, such as between periods, after intercourse, or after menopause. Pain during intercourse, pelvic pain, and unusual vaginal discharge may also be observed. However, in the early stages, cervical cancer may not cause any noticeable symptoms, reinforcing the importance of regular screenings.
Treatment options for cervical cancer depend on the stage of the disease and may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these. The treatment goals typically involve removing or destroying the cancer cells, preventing the spread of cancer to other parts of the body, and preserving fertility if desired.
Prevention of cervical cancer is possible through vaccination against HPV, practicing safe sex, and undergoing regular screenings. Vaccination is recommended for both males and females before they become sexually active, as it can provide protection from the most common HPV strains responsible for cervical cancer. Early detection and prompt treatment significantly increase the chances of a successful outcome and survival.
