Cattle Leukemia Virus, also known as Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV), is a retrovirus that primarily affects cattle (genus Bos). It is a member of the genus Deltaretrovirus, which is part of the Retroviridae family. The virus is known to infect and integrate its genetic material into the DNA of the host's lymphocytes, specifically B-cells, resulting in the production of viral particles and the potential development of leukemia or lymphosarcoma.
Cattle infected with the Cattle Leukemia Virus may not display any noticeable symptoms initially, making it difficult to diagnose. However, infected animals can remain carriers for long periods, spreading the virus to other cattle through bodily fluids, particularly blood, and through the ingestion of unpasteurized milk or colostrum. Close contact with infected animals, such as through nose-to-nose contact or sharing of needles, can also facilitate transmission.
In terms of the impacts on cattle health, infection with Cattle Leukemia Virus can result in the development of various diseases. These include persistent lymphocytosis, a condition where the number of lymphocytes in the bloodstream increases; lymphoma, the abnormal growth of lymphocytes in lymphoid tissues; and leukemia, a cancer of the blood and bone marrow. These diseases can lead to reduced milk production, weight loss, anemia, weakened immune system, decreased fertility, and increased susceptibility to other infections' complications.
Prevention and control measures for Cattle Leukemia Virus mainly involve segregating infected animals, avoiding direct contact with the virus, and implementing strict biosecurity practices on farms. Additionally, testing programs to identify and cull infected animals, along with the use of a safe and effective vaccine, are important methods to mitigate
