Castes refer to the hereditary social divisions or stratifications within a society, often determined by birth and characterized by distinct occupations, social status, and rights and privileges. The concept of castes originated in ancient India but can also be found in various other cultures around the world, such as the rigid social hierarchy in feudal Japan or the traditional Varna system in Hindu society.
In a caste system, individuals are assigned to a specific caste at birth and remain in that caste throughout their lives. The social, economic, and political opportunities available to individuals are usually determined by their caste affiliation. Each caste typically has its own set of rules, customs, and traditions that govern its members' behavior, occupation, marriage, and social interactions.
Castes often have hierarchical arrangements, with some castes being considered higher or lower in status than others. The highest-ranking castes usually enjoy greater social privileges, access to education, and economic opportunities. On the other hand, lower-caste individuals often face discrimination, social exclusion, and limited opportunities for upward mobility. Inter-caste marriages can also be restricted or discouraged in some caste-bound societies.
While the caste system may have provided social order and stability in the past, it has been widely criticized for perpetuating inequality, discrimination, and social injustice. Modern societies have made efforts to challenge and dismantle caste-based discrimination through legislation, affirmative action policies, and education, aiming for a more equal and inclusive society for all individuals, regardless of their caste.
