Bronchiectasis is a chronic lung condition characterized by the irreversible dilation, or widening, of the bronchi and bronchioles, which are the airways in the lungs. It is typically caused by damage or an abnormal widening of the airways due to an underlying condition or infection, leading to the accumulation of mucus and bacteria in the airways.
The structural damage in bronchiectasis impairs the normal clearance of mucus, causing it to pool and become thicker. This leads to persistent coughing, difficulty in breathing, and recurrent lung infections. Symptoms of bronchiectasis may include chronic cough with production of large amounts of phlegm, wheezing, fatigue, chest pain, and shortness of breath, particularly during physical exertion.
There are several risk factors associated with bronchiectasis, including cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), immune system disorders, recurrent lung infections, and exposure to certain toxins or irritants. The diagnosis of bronchiectasis is often confirmed through lung function tests, chest X-rays or computed tomography (CT) scans, sputum examinations, and bronchoscopy.
Treatment for bronchiectasis aims to manage symptoms and prevent complications. This typically involves a combination of airway clearance techniques, such as chest physiotherapy and breathing exercises, along with the use of bronchodilators and antibiotics to control infections. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to remove the affected portion of the lung.
Overall, early diagnosis and intervention can help improve quality of life for individuals with bronchiectasis, as it is a chronic condition that requires ongoing management to prevent further lung damage and complications.
