Brain vascular malformations refer to a group of abnormal blood vessels or lesions that develop in or around the brain. These malformations can present a range of structural abnormalities and can disrupt the normal blood flow within the brain, potentially leading to a variety of neurological symptoms.
There are several types of brain vascular malformations, including arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), cavernous malformations, venous malformations, and capillary telangiectasias. AVMs are the most common and complex type, characterized by abnormal tangles of blood vessels that connect arteries and veins directly without the usual capillary network. Cavernous malformations are composed of enlarged and dilated blood vessels, while venous malformations involve abnormal development of veins. Capillary telangiectasias are tiny, multiple, and dilated capillaries.
Brain vascular malformations can be present at birth (congenital) or develop later in life (acquired). They can occur sporadically or be inherited. The exact cause of these malformations is often unknown, although genetic factors and certain inherited disorders have been implicated.
These malformations may remain silent and asymptomatic for years, but they can also cause a wide range of neurological symptoms, including headaches, seizures, neurological deficits (such as vision or speech problems), and hemorrhages. Treatment options for brain vascular malformations depend on their type, size, location, and symptomatology. They may include conservative management, medication, embolization, radiosurgery, or surgical removal, aiming to prevent further complications and alleviate symptoms.
