Bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) is a lentivirus that primarily infects cattle. It belongs to the Retroviridae family, which also includes other well-known lentiviruses like human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). BIV causes a chronic, persistent infection in its host, leading to immunodeficiency and increased susceptibility to various opportunistic infections.
The virus is primarily transmitted through contaminated blood, most commonly through unprotected sexual contact or the sharing of needles among infected animals. It can also be transmitted from infected mothers to their offspring through breastfeeding or during delivery. Close contact between animals in crowded or unsanitary conditions facilitates the spread of the infection.
BIV infects and depletes certain immune cells such as CD4+ T lymphocytes, similar to HIV infection in humans. This gradual loss of immune function compromises the animal's ability to mount an effective immune response against other pathogens. Consequently, infected cattle become more susceptible to secondary infections, exhibit chronic weight loss, and may eventually develop severe immunodeficiency, potentially leading to death.
Although BIV primarily affects cattle, it has been found in other ruminant species like water buffalo and yaks. However, there is no evidence to suggest that BIV can infect humans or other non-ruminant animals.
The development of diagnostic tests and preventive measures, such as vaccines and management practices, remains crucial in controlling the spread of BIV infection and minimizing its impact on cattle populations.
