Bone Tuberculosis, also known as osteoarticular tuberculosis, is a chronic bacterial infection that primarily affects the bones and joints. It is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the same bacterium responsible for pulmonary tuberculosis. The infection typically spreads to the bones and joints through the bloodstream after initial infection in the lungs or other organs.
The symptoms of bone tuberculosis may vary depending on the stage of the infection, but common indications include bone pain, swelling, joint stiffness, and limited mobility. Over time, as the infection progresses, it can lead to deformities, abscess formation, and destruction of the affected bones and joints.
The diagnosis of bone tuberculosis involves a combination of clinical evaluation, radiographic imaging, and laboratory tests. These investigations help identify typical characteristics such as bone destruction, caseous necrosis, and positive tuberculin skin tests or cultures. It is essential to differentiate bone tuberculosis from other bone diseases to start appropriate treatment.
Treatment for bone tuberculosis mainly consists of a long-term combination of anti-tuberculosis drugs, typically including isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol. Surgery may be necessary in some cases to drain abscesses or to remove damaged bone tissue.
Without prompt and adequate treatment, bone tuberculosis can lead to significant disability and even life-threatening complications. However, with proper medical management, including medication adherence and close monitoring, the prognosis for bone tuberculosis is generally favorable, and most patients can expect to recover with minimal residual effects.
