Bacterium coli commune, commonly known as Escherichia coli or E. coli, is a species of bacteria that belongs to the Enterobacteriaceae family. It is a gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium that is found in several environments, including the intestines of humans and other warm-blooded animals.
E. coli is considered a commensal bacterium, meaning it generally benefits from the host environment without causing harm. It plays a crucial role in maintaining a healthy gut microbiota and helps with the digestion of food. However, some strains of E. coli can also be pathogenic and cause various illnesses, ranging from gastrointestinal infections to urinary tract infections and even more severe conditions like hemolytic uremic syndrome.
The bacterium possesses a single, circular DNA molecule that carries the bacterial genome, which encodes the necessary genetic information for its survival and reproduction. E. coli is facultative anaerobic, capable of thriving in both oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor environments.
Its growth and proliferation are influenced by various factors such as temperature, pH, nutrient availability, and oxygen levels. Under optimal conditions, E. coli can reproduce rapidly, forming colonies within hours.
E. coli is extensively studied in the field of microbiology due to its versatility and importance in both scientific research and human health. Its use as a model organism has provided significant insights into various biological processes and has become an essential tool for genetic engineering and biotechnological advancements.
