Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent patterns of inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity, which significantly impact an individual's daily functioning and academic performance. This condition typically manifests during childhood and may persist into adolescence and adulthood.
Inattention refers to difficulties focusing on and sustaining attention to tasks, often leading to careless mistakes, forgetfulness, lack of organization, and difficulty following instructions. Individuals with ADHD may also struggle with distractibility, often becoming easily bored or being easily sidetracked by unrelated stimuli.
Impulsivity is another core feature of ADHD, involving hasty actions and decision-making without considering the consequences. People with ADHD may struggle with interrupting others, blurting out answers prematurely, and engaging in impulsive behaviors with little regard for their safety or long-term effects.
Hyperactivity refers to excessive motor activity, such as fidgeting, restlessness, and an inability to stay seated when expected. Individuals with ADHD may engage in excessive talking and struggle with playing or engaging in activities quietly. They may have difficulty waiting their turn and often display high energy levels.
The diagnosis of ADHD typically requires that these symptoms persist for at least six months and are demonstrated in multiple settings, such as school, home, or work. While the exact causes of ADHD remain unclear, it is believed to result from a combination of genetic and environmental factors, affecting the brain's executive functions and dopamine regulation.
Managing ADHD often involves a multimodal approach, combining behavioral interventions, psychoeducation, medication, and support from parents, teachers, and healthcare professionals. Treatment aims to improve attention, impulse control, and hyperactivity, with the goal of enhancing overall functioning and quality of life.
