Apical periodontal cysts, also known as periapical cysts or radicular cysts, are common types of odontogenic cysts that form at the root tip, or apex, of a tooth. These cysts develop as a result of inflammation and infection within the pulp, or the innermost part of a tooth that contains nerves and blood vessels, which can occur due to dental caries, trauma, or chronic periodontal disease.
Apical periodontal cysts typically appear as rounded or oval-shaped sacs filled with fluid or a gel-like substance and are surrounded by a thin layer of connective tissue. They are often asymptomatic and can go unnoticed until they grow in size or become infected. Symptoms may include pain, swelling, or the presence of a pus-filled abscess.
Diagnosis of apical periodontal cysts is usually made through a combination of clinical examination, dental X-rays, and sometimes, histopathological analysis of a tissue sample. Treatment typically involves the removal of the infected tooth and the cystic lesion through a surgical procedure known as tooth extraction or root canal treatment, followed by the placement of a dental implant or bridge to restore function and aesthetics.
Although apical periodontal cysts are generally benign and non-aggressive, complications such as cyst expansion, damage to adjacent teeth or bone, and infection can occur if left untreated. Therefore, prompt diagnosis and appropriate management are essential to prevent potential complications and promote oral health.
