Aphthovirus is a genus of small, single-stranded RNA viruses belonging to the family Picornaviridae. These viruses are known to cause foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), a highly contagious and economically devastating illness that affects cloven-hoofed animals such as cattle, pigs, sheep, and goats.
The name "Aphthovirus" is derived from the Greek word "aphthai," which means ulcer. This term aptly describes the characteristic lesions and ulcers that develop on the mouth, tongue, hooves, and udders of infected animals.
The genome of an Aphthovirus consists of positive-sense RNA enclosed within an icosahedral capsid. It is a non-enveloped virus that is extremely stable, surviving in various environmental conditions, and remaining infectious for extended periods.
Transmission of Aphthoviruses typically occurs through direct contact with infected animals, ingestion of contaminated food or water, or through respiratory droplets. Once the virus gains entry into an animal, it rapidly multiplies in the lymphatic tissue and spreads throughout the body, causing systemic infection.
Aphthoviruses are known for their high mutation rates, which contribute to the ability to evade the host immune response and re-infect previously exposed animals. FMD outbreaks can have severe consequences, including loss of productivity, trade restrictions, and significant economic impact. Consequently, it is crucial to promptly identify and control these viruses through vaccination strategies, quarantine measures, and strict biosecurity practices to prevent their spread in animal populations.
