Aneurysmal Bone Cysts (ABCs) are noncancerous, rare, benign bone tumors that predominantly occur in children and young adults. These cysts are characterized by the formation of a fluid-filled sac within the bone, which can cause expansion and weakening of the affected area.
Typically, ABCs develop in the long bones, such as the femur or tibia, but can also occur in the spine or skull. They are believed to arise from an abnormality in the blood vessels within the bone, resulting in an excess of blood flow and the subsequent formation of a cystic cavity. Genetic mutations and trauma have also been attributed as potential causes of ABCs.
Symptoms of aneurysmal bone cysts may include localised pain or swelling in the affected area, limited range of motion, and potential fracturing of the weakened bone. The tumors can be diagnosed through imaging techniques such as X-rays, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or computed tomography (CT) scans.
Treatment options for aneurysmal bone cysts vary depending on the location, size, and severity of the cyst. Mild cases of ABCs may resolve on their own, but more often, surgical intervention is required. The aim of surgery is to remove the cystic cavity and stabilize the bone, either through curettage (scraping out the cyst) with or without bone grafting, embolisation (injecting substances to prevent blood flow), or complete excision (removal) of the tumor. Additionally, nonsurgical alternatives like sclerotherapy or radiation therapy may be considered in certain cases.
Overall, aneurysmal bone cysts are uncommon but significant bone lesions that necessitate appropriate medical attention and management to prevent complications and preserve bone function and structure.
