African glanders is a highly contagious and fatal bacterial infection primarily affecting equine species, particularly horses, mules, and donkeys. It is caused by the bacterium Burkholderia mallei, which belongs to the Pseudomonas family. African glanders is characterized by the formation of nodules, ulcers, and abscesses in the respiratory tract, as well as extensive dissemination throughout the body.
The infection is commonly transmitted through close contact with infected animals, contaminated surfaces, or inhalation of aerosolized bacteria. It is prevalent in certain regions of Africa, particularly in sub-Saharan countries, where it poses a significant economic and public health concern due to its impact on the equine-industry and potential zoonotic transmission to humans.
Symptoms of African glanders may include nasal discharge, fever, coughing, labored breathing, weakness, anorexia, weight loss, and the presence of skin or mucosal lesions. These manifestations often progress rapidly, eventually leading to sepsis and death if left untreated. Diagnosis typically involves isolation and identification of the bacteria from clinical specimens, such as nasal swabs, blood, or tissues.
Prevention and control of African glanders primarily rely on implementing strict biosecurity measures, including isolation and quarantine of infected animals, as well as disinfection of contaminated premises. Vaccination for glanders is available, but its effectiveness is limited.
Due to the severity of the disease and the potential risks associated with its spread, African glanders is a notifiable disease in many countries, necessitating immediate reporting to veterinary authorities in order to prevent further dissemination.
