African Coast Fever (also known as East Coast Fever or Theileriosis) is a tick-borne disease primarily affecting domestic cattle and certain wild ruminants in sub-Saharan Africa. It is caused by the protozoan parasite Theileria parva, which is transmitted by the brown ear tick (Rhipicephalus appendiculatus).
The disease is characterized by a high fever, anemia, enlarged lymph nodes, labored breathing, nasal discharge, and significant weight loss. Infected animals may also exhibit depression, inappetence, and decreased milk production. If left untreated, African Coast Fever can result in mortality rates as high as 90% within 3 weeks of infection.
African Coast Fever poses a significant threat to livestock farming in affected regions as it can lead to substantial economic losses. The disease spreads rapidly among herds and has been a major cause of cattle mortality in Africa for decades.
Prevention and control of African Coast Fever primarily rely on tick control measures, such as acaricides and tick-resistant breeds of cattle. Vaccines have also been developed, offering varying levels of protection against the disease. Early detection and prompt treatment using anti-theilerial drugs can improve the prognosis of infected animals.
Due to its impact on livestock health and the agricultural economy, African Coast Fever remains a target of ongoing research and control efforts in affected regions, aiming to develop more efficient diagnostics, vaccines, and management strategies.
