Adrenal cortical adenoma refers to a benign tumor that originates in the cortex, or outer layer, of the adrenal glands. The adrenals are small endocrine glands situated on top of each kidney, and they play a critical role in regulating various bodily functions, including the production of hormones such as cortisol, aldosterone, and androgens.
Adrenal cortical adenomas typically develop in the outermost layer of the adrenal cortex, known as the zona glomerulosa, which primarily produces the hormone aldosterone. However, it can also arise from the zona fasciculata or zona reticularis, which produce cortisol and androgens, respectively. These adenomas are usually small in size, measuring less than 4 centimeters in diameter.
Although they are generally noncancerous, adrenal cortical adenomas can become hormonally active and start producing excessive amounts of hormones. This can result in various medical conditions depending on the type of hormone being overproduced. For instance, excessive cortisol secretion can lead to Cushing's syndrome, while excess aldosterone production can cause primary aldosteronism (Conn's syndrome).
Diagnosis of adrenal cortical adenomas is typically performed using imaging techniques, such as computed tomography (CT) scans or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Treatment options depend on the size and hormone activity of the adenoma, as well as the presence of symptoms. In many cases, especially when the tumor is small and hormonally inactive, no intervention is required, and regular monitoring is recommended. However, if the adenoma is causing hormone overproduction or symptoms, surgical removal (adrenalectomy) may be necessary.
