Acute transverse myelitis (ATM) is a neurological disorder characterized by inflammation of both sides of the spinal cord, causing a wide range of neurological symptoms. ATM is considered an autoimmune condition, as the immune system mistakenly attacks the healthy tissue of the spinal cord. This inflammatory response leads to damage to the myelin, the protective covering around nerve fibers, interrupting the normal transmission of nerve signals.
Symptoms of ATM often appear suddenly and may include muscle weakness or paralysis, sensory disturbances such as tingling or numbness, severe back pain, urinary or bowel dysfunction, and changes in reflexes. The severity and duration of symptoms can vary widely among affected individuals, ranging from mild to complete loss of function over several hours or days.
The exact cause of ATM is not fully understood, but it can be linked to various factors, including viral or bacterial infections, autoimmune disorders, and certain vaccinations. Diagnosis usually involves a combination of medical history evaluation, physical examination, and neurological testing, such as MRI scans or lumbar puncture to assess the inflammation in the spinal cord.
Treatment for ATM aims to reduce inflammation and manage associated symptoms. High-dose corticosteroids are typically prescribed to reduce inflammation and suppress the immune response. Physical therapy may also be recommended to improve muscle strength and restore motor control. While the long-term prognosis varies among individuals, many people with ATM experience partial or complete recovery over time, although some may be left with residual weakness or sensory deficits.
