Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is a type of aggressive blood cancer that affects the bone marrow and blood cells. It is characterized by an overproduction of immature white blood cells known as promyelocytes. This condition is considered a subtype of acute myeloid leukemia (AML).
In APL, there is a specific genetic alteration called the PML-RARA fusion gene. This genetic mutation causes abnormal proliferation and accumulation of immature cells in the bone marrow, which affects the production of healthy blood cells.
Symptoms of APL may include fatigue, weakness, recurrent infections, easy bruising or bleeding, shortness of breath, and pale skin.
Diagnosis of acute promyelocytic leukemia involves blood tests, bone marrow biopsy, and cytogenetic analysis to identify the PML-RARA fusion gene.
Treatment for APL is usually aggressive and requires immediate intervention. It typically includes chemotherapy, such as all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) and arsenic trioxide, to induce remission and destroy the leukemia cells. Additionally, supportive therapies such as blood transfusions and antibiotics may be administered to manage symptoms and prevent complications.
Prognosis for APL has significantly improved over the years due to advancements in treatment. The five-year survival rate has risen to about 80-90%. However, timely diagnosis and prompt initiation of treatment remain crucial for successful outcomes.
In summary, acute promyelocytic leukemia is a subtype of acute myeloid leukemia characterized by an overproduction of immature promyelocytes due to a genetic alteration. It requires immediate and aggressive treatment to induce remission and improve survival rates.
