Zoonoses, also known as zoonotic diseases, are infectious diseases that are naturally transmitted between animals and humans. These diseases can be caused by viruses, bacteria, parasites, fungi, or prions, and can be transferred through direct or indirect contact with infected animals, their waste, or contaminated environments.
Zoonoses occur when the pathogen can establish an infection in both animals and humans, enabling the transmission from one to the other. Although many zoonotic diseases are relatively benign or cause mild symptoms, some can lead to severe illness or even death. Examples of zoonoses include rabies, avian influenza, Lyme disease, Ebola, COVID-19, and various strains of salmonella.
The transmission of zoonotic diseases can occur through several mechanisms. Direct transmission can happen through bites or scratches from infected animals, while indirect transmission can occur through contact with body fluids, contaminated food or water, soil, or vectors like mosquitoes, ticks, or fleas. Furthermore, some zoonotic diseases can also be acquired through inhalation of droplets or aerosols containing the pathogen.
Given that zoonoses involve both animals and humans, their prevention and control necessitate a One Health approach, focusing on the collaboration and cooperation between human health, animal health, and environmental sectors. Strategies to prevent zoonotic diseases include proper hygiene practices, such as handwashing and food safety protocols, vaccination of animals, vector control, surveillance, and prompt detection and response to outbreaks. Effective management of zoonotic diseases is crucial to protect both human and animal health and to prevent potential pandemics caused by novel zoonotic pathogens.
