The term "water hammer" refers to the banging sound produced in a plumbing system when a valve is suddenly closed, causing the water to slam against the pipe walls. The word is spelled with the IPA symbols /ˈwɔtər ˈhæmər/. The first syllable is pronounced with the vowel sound /ɔ/, which represents the American English pronunciation of "aww". The second syllable is pronounced with the vowel sound /æ/, which represents the short "a" sound in words like "cat". The phonetic transcription provides the precise pronunciation of each sound in the word "water hammer".
Water hammer refers to a hydraulic phenomenon that occurs in plumbing systems when a sudden change in fluid flow or pressure creates a loud banging or hammering sound in the pipes. This phenomenon is a result of a rapid change in the flow rate of water, where the momentum of the water is suddenly arrested or redirected.
The hammering sound is caused by the shock waves generated when the water's momentum is abruptly stopped, producing a sudden increase in pressure within the pipes. The sound is typically described as a loud thud or bang, resembling the noise produced by striking a hammer against a solid surface, hence the name "water hammer".
The primary cause of water hammer is the closing or opening of valves too quickly, which leads to the rapid change in fluid flow. For instance, when a faucet is suddenly shut off, the water's momentum is abruptly halted, resulting in the shock waves that propagate through the plumbing system. Other factors that can contribute to water hammer include abrupt changes in pump operation, the presence of air pockets in the pipes, or inadequate pipe support.
In addition to the noise, water hammer can also cause significant damage to the plumbing system over time. The repeated shock waves can weaken the pipes, joints, and fittings, potentially leading to leaks, burst pipes, or other structural failures. To mitigate the effects of water hammer, various measures can be implemented, such as installing air chambers or water hammer arrestors, using flow control valves, or employing slower closing valves to gradually reduce fluid flow and prevent pressure surges.
The term "water hammer" is derived from two separate words: "water" and "hammer".
The word "water" itself comes from the Old English word "wæter", which is believed to have Proto-Germanic origins. This Old English word can be traced back to the Proto-Indo-European root "*wódr̥", which is also the origin of words related to water in other Indo-European languages.
The word "hammer" comes from the Old English word "hamor", which originated from the Proto-Germanic word "*hamaraz". The Proto-Germanic word gave rise to various cognates, including the Old Norse word "hamarr" and the Old High German word "hamar", all referring to a tool used for striking or pounding.