Varicella, commonly known as chickenpox, is a highly contagious viral infection characterized by the eruption of itchy, blister-like rashes on the skin. It is caused by the varicella-zoster virus (VZV), and primarily affects children, although it can also occur in adults who have not previously been infected.
The onset of varicella is usually marked by a mild fever, headache, and general malaise. Within a day or two, small red spots appear on the skin, which quickly progress into fluid-filled blisters surrounded by redness. These blisters are intensely itchy and can be found all over the body, including the face, scalp, and mucous membranes. Scratching the blisters can lead to scab formation, and although the lesions eventually heal, they may cause temporary scarring.
Varicella is transmitted through respiratory droplets or direct contact with the fluid from the blisters. The virus can also be spread by touching objects or surfaces contaminated with the fluid. The infection is highly contagious, and individuals can transmit the virus even before they exhibit symptoms, making prevention difficult.
Complications from varicella can arise, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems or other underlying health conditions. These may include bacterial skin infections, pneumonia, encephalitis, and hepatitis.
Vaccination against varicella has significantly reduced the incidence of the disease, as the vaccine provides a high level of protection. Vaccination is recommended in childhood, and a second dose is often administered during adolescence or adulthood to boost immunity.
