Tumour Lysis Syndrome (TLS) is a medical condition characterized by the rapid and massive breakdown of cancer cells, leading to the release of large amounts of intracellular components into the bloodstream. This syndrome typically occurs as a result of cancer treatment, particularly in patients undergoing chemotherapy or radiation therapy.
During cancer treatment, the destruction of cancer cells in large numbers can overwhelm the body's natural ability to process and eliminate the released cellular debris. As a consequence, there is an excessive accumulation of metabolic waste products and chemical substances in the bloodstream, such as uric acid, potassium, and phosphorus.
The hallmark features of Tumour Lysis Syndrome include electrolyte imbalances, such as hyperuricemia (elevated levels of uric acid), hyperkalemia (high blood potassium levels), hyperphosphatemia (excess phosphate in the blood), and hypocalcemia (low calcium levels). These imbalances can lead to severe complications, including kidney damage, cardiac arrhythmias, seizures, and even death if left untreated.
Symptoms of Tumour Lysis Syndrome may include weakness, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, muscle cramps, decreased urine output, and generalized swelling due to fluid retention. Diagnosis is typically made based on blood tests that reveal elevated levels of the aforementioned substances.
Treatment for Tumour Lysis Syndrome involves aggressive hydration to promote kidney function and facilitate the excretion of waste products. Medications may be prescribed to lower uric acid levels and manage electrolyte imbalances. In severe cases, dialysis may be required to remove the excess substances from the blood.
Preventive measures, such as adequate hydration before and during cancer treatment, initiating prophylactic medications, and close monitoring of electrolyte levels, are essential to minimize the risk of developing
