Tuberculose is a chronic infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It primarily affects the lungs but can also target other parts of the body, such as the bones, kidneys, and brain.
In its pulmonary form, tuberculosis is characterized by the formation of granulomas, which are small inflammatory lesions that develop in the lung tissue. These granulomas consolidate and progress into areas of caseous necrosis, leading to the formation of cavities in the lungs. The infected person may experience symptoms such as persistent coughing, chest pain, weight loss, fever, night sweats, and fatigue.
Tuberculosis spreads through the air when an infected individual coughs, sneezes, or talks, releasing respiratory droplets containing the bacteria. It can also be transmitted through contaminated food or milk.
The disease has been a major public health concern worldwide, particularly in developing countries with limited resources and overcrowding. It is more likely to affect individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those living with HIV/AIDS, malnutrition, or diabetes.
Diagnosis of tuberculose involves various methods, including chest X-rays, sputum tests for the presence of the bacteria, and tuberculin skin tests to detect the immune response. Treatment typically involves a combination of antibiotics over a long period, usually six to nine months, to ensure complete eradication of the bacteria and prevent relapse.
Efforts to control the spread of tuberculose involve initiatives such as vaccination with the Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine, improved healthcare infrastructure, early detection and treatment, and public awareness campaigns to reduce stigma and promote proper hygiene practices.
