TRANSITION METALS Meaning and
Definition
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Transition metals are a group of metallic elements found in the central block of the periodic table. This group includes elements from Groups 3 to 12, and is characterized by their unique electronic configurations and physical properties. Transition metals have partially filled d orbitals, which allow them to exhibit a wide range of oxidation states and reactivity.
These elements possess excellent thermal and electrical conductivity, high density, and lustrous appearance. They are typically hard, malleable, and ductile, making them suitable for use in various industrial applications. Some common transition metals include iron, nickel, copper, zinc, silver, gold, and platinum.
One of the defining features of transition metals is their ability to form complex ions and compounds due to the availability of multiple oxidation states. They often act as catalysts in chemical reactions because of their ability to easily donate and accept electrons. Transition metals display a wide variety of colors in their compounds, due to transitions of electrons between different energy levels.
Transition metals are essential for several biological processes and are often found in the active sites of enzymes. They play crucial roles in redox reactions, oxygen transport, and electron transfer. Transition metal ions are also responsible for the vibrant colors observed in gemstones and pigments.
In summary, transition metals are a group of metallic elements with unique electronic configurations and physical properties, known for their ability to form complex compounds, exhibit multiple oxidation states, and act as catalysts. They are widely used in industry, possess biological importance, and contribute to the colors observed in various substances.
Etymology of TRANSITION METALS
The word "transition metals" derives from the Latin word "transitio", meaning "transition" or "passage". The term was coined in the mid-19th century by the German chemist August Wilhelm von Hofmann, who used it to describe a group of elements that exhibited characteristics between those of typical metals and nonmetals. These elements had varying oxidation states and readily formed complexes with other substances, making them undergo transitions in their chemical behavior. Over time, the definition of transition metals expanded to include elements with partially filled d orbitals, further emphasizing their transitional nature.
