Tonic-clonic convulsion, also known as a grand mal seizure, is a type of generalized seizure characterized by two distinct phases: the tonic phase and the clonic phase. It represents the most classic form of seizure activity and is often associated with epileptic conditions.
During the tonic phase, the individual experiences sudden and intense muscle stiffness throughout the body. This is accompanied by a loss of consciousness, and the person may fall abruptly if they were standing. The muscles may contract forcefully, leading to difficulty breathing, bluish skin color, and potentially loss of bladder or bowel control. This phase typically lasts for a short duration, ranging from seconds to around a minute.
The tonic phase is followed by the clonic phase, where rapid rhythmic muscle contractions and relaxations occur. These spasms usually affect both sides of the body symmetrically, resulting in jerking movements of the limbs. The individual may foam at the mouth, bite their tongue, or release other fluids. The clonic phase can last several minutes.
After the clonic phase subsides, the individual typically enters a post-seizure state called the postictal phase. They may remain unconscious or disoriented for a period of time, experiencing fatigue, confusion, and sore muscles.
Tonic-clonic convulsions are often a manifestation of epilepsy, a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures. Factors such as brain injuries, genetic predisposition, or other medical conditions can contribute to the development of tonic-clonic convulsions.
It is crucial to seek medical attention when witnessing or experiencing a tonic-clonic convulsion to receive proper diagnosis, determine the underlying cause, and develop an effective treatment plan.
