Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) refers to a non-invasive neurostimulation technique that involves the application of a weak direct electric current to the scalp. This form of neuromodulation is designed to influence brain activity and excitability by delivering a constant, low-intensity current through electrodes placed on specific areas of the scalp.
tDCS operates on the principle of anodal (positive) and cathodal (negative) polarities, which are positioned strategically to target specific brain regions. Anodes are generally placed over the area of interest, while cathodes are positioned elsewhere on the scalp. By altering the resting membrane potential of neurons, tDCS can modulate neuronal firing rates and promote cortical excitability.
The primary objective of tDCS is to enhance or inhibit brain activity, depending on the desired outcome, by modulating the strength of neuronal connections. This procedure, with its minimal side effects and cost-effective nature, has gained prominence in various domains, including neuroscience, psychology, and rehabilitation. tDCS has been increasingly employed for the investigation and treatment of an array of cognitive, behavioral, and neurological conditions.
While the exact mechanisms of action of tDCS are not fully understood, the technique has displayed potential in enhancing learning and memory, relieving symptoms of depression and chronic pain, as well as reducing the severity of certain psychiatric disorders. Further research and clinical studies are necessary to fully comprehend and optimize the benefits of tDCS, advancing its therapeutic applications.
