T cell subsets refer to distinct populations of T cells, which are a type of white blood cells that play a central role in the immune system. T cells are responsible for recognizing and destroying specific foreign substances, such as bacteria, viruses, and cancer cells, thereby protecting the body against infections and diseases.
T cell subsets are characterized by different surface proteins and functions, allowing them to respond to diverse threats in a coordinated manner. These subsets can be broadly classified into two main types: helper T cells (Th cells) and cytotoxic T cells (Tc cells). Helper T cells, also known as CD4+ T cells, are involved in regulating immune responses by secreting chemical messengers called cytokines. They assist other immune cells, such as B cells and Tc cells, in mounting an effective immune response.
Cytotoxic T cells, on the other hand, also called CD8+ T cells, are primarily responsible for directly killing infected or cancerous cells. They recognize antigens (foreign substances) presented on the surface of infected cells through their T cell receptors and release toxic molecules to induce cell death.
Within these major subsets, many subpopulations of T cells exist, each specializing in different functions and exhibiting specific surface markers. Examples include regulatory T cells (Tregs), memory T cells, and natural killer T cells (NKT cells). These various T cell subsets work together in a complex network to ensure an optimal immune response, providing protection against pathogens and maintaining immune balance.
