Pronunciation: [sˈʌltən] (IPA) 
The word "sultan" is an Islamic title that is commonly used to refer to a ruler or leader. It is spelled phonetically as /ˈsʊltən/ in the International Phonetic Alphabet. The first sound is a stressed "s" sound, followed by the short "u" sound, then the "l" sound, a short "t" sound, and finally the unstressed "ən" sound. The spelling of this word reflects the etymology of the term, which has its roots in the Arabic language.
A sultan refers to a title granted to a ruler, mainly within the historical context of Islamic kingdoms or empires. This word originates from the Arabic term "sulṭān", meaning "power" or "authority." A sultan is typically seen as the highest-ranking dignitary or monarch within a particular state or region. This designation was common across various Islamic dynasties, most notably the Ottoman Empire, which spanned from the 13th to the early 20th centuries.
The sultan is vested with the supreme power of governance, often controlling vast territories, comprising diverse ethnic and cultural communities. As the ultimate authority, the sultan holds both political and religious legitimacy, often serving as a symbol of Islam and the unity of the ummah (Muslim community). Their rule is typically hereditary, and the sultan's lineage forms a significant aspect of their legitimacy.
Moreover, a sultan's court is known for its grandeur, opulence, and bureaucracy. The sultan is surrounded by a network of officials and advisers who assist in the administration of their realm. Throughout history, sultans have played critical roles in military affairs, diplomatic relations, legislation, and regulation of commerce.
Although the formal title of "sultan" is less prevalent in contemporary political systems, vestiges of their authority and influence can be found in certain countries, primarily those with an Islamic cultural heritage. In modern contexts, sultanates may take on ceremonial roles, representing historical legacies or cultural symbols, while political power is often vested in other institutions or offices within these nations.
The emperor of the Turks; the padisha or grand seignior; a Mohammedan prince.
Etymological and pronouncing dictionary of the English language. By Stormonth, James, Phelp, P. H. Published 1874.
The word "sultan" has its origins in the Arabic language. It is derived from the Arabic root word "s-l-t", which means "authority", "power", or "dominion". In Arabic, "sultan" initially referred to a ruler or a sovereign with supreme authority. The term gained prominence during the caliphate period and eventually became associated with Muslim rulers, particularly the Ottoman sultans who ruled a vast empire and held significant political and religious authority. The word "sultan" has been borrowed into various languages to refer to monarchs or rulers with similar authority.
