SUBSTANCE THEORY Meaning and
Definition
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Substance theory, or substance dualism, is a philosophical position that asserts the existence of at least two distinct kinds of substances in the world: mental and physical substances. It posits that the mind or consciousness is a separate entity from the material body, and both have their own distinct properties and attributes.
According to substance theory, mental substances, also known as souls or minds, are entities that possess subjective experiences, thoughts, emotions, and consciousness. They are considered non-physical or immaterial in nature, existing independently from the physical body. Mental substances are believed to be capable of rationality, free will, and self-awareness.
On the other hand, physical substances are the material bodies, objects, or matter that constitute our physical reality. They are governed by the laws of physics and are observable and measurable through empirical means. Physical substances are characterized by their tangible properties and interactions with other physical substances.
Substance theory argues that the mind and physical body interact, forming a dualistic relationship. While mental substances can influence physical substances through actions and decisions, physical substances can also affect mental states through sensory perception and physiological processes.
Substance theory has been debated extensively in philosophy, psychology, and neuroscience. Critics argue that the mind-body problem and the lack of empirical evidence supporting the existence of mental substances present significant challenges to this theory. Nevertheless, substance theory continues to provide a foundational framework for discussing the nature of consciousness, personal identity, and the relationship between mind and body.
Etymology of SUBSTANCE THEORY
The term "substance theory" refers to a philosophical concept that has its roots in ancient Greek metaphysics. The word "substance" comes from the Latin word "substantia", which translates to "essence" or "essential nature". In Greek philosophy, the concept of substance was discussed by various philosophers, including Aristotle and Plato.
Aristotle, in particular, played a significant role in shaping the concept of substance. He defined substance as the underlying reality or essence that persists through change and provides the foundation for all other properties. According to Aristotle, substances are the ultimate, fundamental constituents of reality, and everything else exists as attributes or qualities of these substances.
The term "substance theory" itself emerged in modern philosophy during the early modern period, primarily associated with the work of Rene Descartes.
