Subcortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy, also known as Binswanger's disease, is a neurological disorder characterized by damage and deterioration of the white matter in the brain, primarily affecting the deep regions below the cerebral cortex. This condition is typically caused by chronic hypertension and progressive small vessel disease in the brain.
The main pathological features of subcortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy include the thickening and hardening of the arterial walls within the small blood vessels of the brain, leading to reduced blood flow and oxygen supply to the affected areas. As a result, the white matter, which comprises the nerve fibers responsible for communication between different brain regions, undergoes degeneration and eventually forms areas of damage or lesions.
Common symptoms of subcortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy include progressive cognitive decline, memory loss, slowed thinking and information processing, difficulty with decision-making, mood swings, changes in behavior, and movement disorders. Additionally, individuals with this condition may also experience unsteady gait, weakness, urinary incontinence, and frequent falls. The progression of the disease can vary from person to person, but it typically leads to long-term disability and dependence on others for daily activities.
The diagnosis of subcortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy involves a thorough evaluation of the individual's medical history, neurological examination, neuroimaging tests (such as magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography scans), and ruling out other potential causes of symptoms. Treatment mainly involves managing risk factors like hypertension, ensuring good blood pressure control, and addressing associated symptoms through medications targeted at mood stabilization, movement disorders, and cognitive impairment. Rehabilitation therapies may also be beneficial in improving mobility and quality of life for individuals with this condition.
