Pronunciation: [stˈɛm kˈaŋkə] (IPA) 
Stem canker (/stɛm ˈkæŋkər/) is a plant disease characterized by the formation of dead areas on stems or branches. The spelling of this word is based on English phonetics and the pronunciation of each individual letter. The "s" sound in "stem" is followed by a short "e" sound and the "m," while "canker" starts with a "k" sound, followed by a short "a" and an "n." The final "er" is pronounced as a combination of "r" and "uh."
Stem canker is a plant disease or disorder characterized by the formation of cankers on the stems of certain plant species. A canker refers to a localized area of dead and necrotic tissue on the stem, which is typically sunken and discolored, varying from dark brown to black. Stem canker is caused by various pathogens, including fungi, bacteria, or viruses, and can affect a wide range of plant species, including trees, shrubs, and agricultural crops.
The disease typically enters the plant through wounds or natural openings, such as leaf scars or lenticels, but can also penetrate directly through the epidermis. Once inside the plant, the pathogen systematically invades the surrounding tissues, leading to the development of cankers. As the disease progresses, the cankers may enlarge and girdle the stem, eventually causing stunted growth, wilting, and ultimately death if left untreated.
Stem canker can have significant implications for plant health and productivity, especially in agricultural settings, as it can result in yield losses and reduced crop quality. Management strategies for stem canker may include cultural practices, such as proper sanitation, crop rotation, and pruning of infected plant parts, as well as the use of chemical or biological control measures, such as fungicides or biocontrol agents. Early detection and prompt action are crucial for effectively managing stem canker and minimizing its impact on plant health.
The word "stem canker" is a compound term, comprising two separate words: "stem" and "canker".
1. "Stem" is derived from the Old English word "stefn" or "stefen", which ultimately traces back to the Proto-Germanic word "stamniz". This word refers to the main structural part of a plant, usually upright and supporting leaves, flowers, and fruits. The etymology of "stem" is related to other Germanic languages, such as German "Stamm" and Dutch "stam".
2. "Canker" comes from the Old English word "canker", which is derived from the Old English verb "cencan", meaning "to gnaw" or "to bite".
