Spinal vertebrae, commonly referred to as simply vertebrae, are a series of individual bones that make up the backbone or spinal column. The spinal column is a fundamental component of the skeletal system in vertebrates, providing structural support, protecting the spinal cord, and facilitating movement.
Each vertebra is a small, independent bone that connects with adjacent bones to form the entire spinal column. In humans, there are typically 33 vertebrae, which are categorized into different regions: cervical (neck), thoracic (chest), lumbar (lower back), sacral, and coccygeal (tailbone).
The vertebrae are designed with specific features that contribute to their function. They consist of a sturdy body, transverse processes, spinous processes, and articular processes. The body is the solid portion that carries the weight and load of the spinal column, while the processes project outwards, providing attachment points for muscles, ligaments, and other tissues. The articular processes are important for intervertebral joint formation, allowing the spine to move and bend.
The vertebrae are stacked upon each other, with cushioning intervertebral discs positioned in between. These discs consist of a gel-like center called the nucleus pulposus, which helps absorb shock and allows flexibility in the spinal column.
Overall, the spinal vertebrae play a crucial role in providing structural support, protecting the delicate spinal cord, and allowing movement and flexibility in the vertebrate body.
