Specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) are bioactive lipid mediators that are synthesized during the resolution phase of inflammation to promote the return of tissues to homeostasis and aid in the restoration of tissue integrity. They are derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids and play a crucial role in resolving inflammation and promoting tissue repair.
SPMs are classified into three main families: lipoxins, resolvins, and protectins. Lipoxins are formed through the interaction of arachidonic acid with aspirin-acetylated cyclooxygenase-2 and lipoxygenases. Resolvins are generated from omega-3 fatty acids, primarily eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and can be further classified into two subclasses - E-series resolvins and D-series resolvins. Protectins, also known as neuroprotectins, are synthesized from DHA and have potent anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties.
SPMs exert their actions by binding to specific receptors on immune cells, endothelial cells, and other target cells in tissues, thereby modulating cellular responses and signaling pathways involved in inflammation resolution. They act by promoting the clearance of apoptotic cells, enhancing neutrophil migration, regulating cytokine production, and reducing the recruitment and activation of immune cells.
The importance of SPMs in resolving inflammation and promoting tissue repair has gained significant attention in recent years. They have been shown to have beneficial effects in various pathological conditions, such as cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and chronic inflammatory diseases. Thus, targeting SPMs may hold therapeutic potential for the treatment of these conditions.
