Spandrels are architectural elements typically found in the transition areas between two supporting structures, such as arches or domes, and the vertical wall below them. They can also be seen in the spaces between adjacent arches or vaults. Spandrels usually form the triangular or curved surface between the outer curve of the arch and the straight vertical wall.
This architectural term, derived from the Old French word "spandre," meaning "to spread," refers to the space or area created by the curvature of the arch or dome. Spandrels serve both functional and decorative purposes in a building design. Structurally, they help distribute the load from the supporting structure above to the wall below, ensuring stability and strength. They often offer reinforcement to the adjacent arches or domes by filling the area between them.
From a decorative perspective, spandrels have been employed throughout history as spaces for ornamentation. They provide an opportunity for artistic expression, whether through intricate carvings, sculptural reliefs, paintings, or decorative motifs. Spandrels can feature intricate geometric patterns, religious or mythological scenes, or even naturalistic designs. They have been utilized in various architectural styles, including Gothic, Renaissance, and Baroque.
While traditionally associated with architecture, the term "spandrels" has also been adapted in other fields, such as biology and evolution. In this context, "spandrels" refer to secondary characteristics or features of living organisms that emerge as by-products of other evolutionary processes, rather than being directly selected for. This concept was introduced by the evolutionary biologist Stephen Jay Gould and the paleontologist Richard Lewontin, drawing an analogy with the architectural spandrels whose shape is a consequence of the load-bearing structures they are connected to.
