SEROTONIN TRANSPORTER Meaning and
Definition
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Serotonin transporter refers to a protein found in the cell membranes of neurons that is responsible for the reuptake of serotonin from the synaptic cleft back into the presynaptic neuron. Serotonin, also known as 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), is a neurotransmitter that plays a crucial role in regulating various physiological processes, including mood, sleep, appetite, and cognition.
The serotonin transporter acts as a transportation system, ensuring the efficient removal of excess serotonin from the synapse, thereby terminating its signaling effect. This process is vital in maintaining proper serotonin levels, as imbalances can lead to various neurological and psychiatric disorders such as depression, anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.
The serotonin transporter protein consists of 12 transmembrane domains and utilizes energy from sodium and chloride ion gradients to actively transport serotonin back into the presynaptic neuron. This process is known as reuptake. Once inside the neuron, serotonin can be either repackaged into vesicles for future release or metabolized by enzymes.
The functioning of the serotonin transporter is targeted by many drugs, including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) such as fluoxetine (Prozac), which inhibit the reuptake of serotonin and increase its availability in the synaptic cleft. SSRIs are commonly prescribed medications for treating depression and other mood disorders. Furthermore, genetic variations or abnormalities in the serotonin transporter gene have been associated with an increased susceptibility to certain psychiatric conditions.
Etymology of SEROTONIN TRANSPORTER
The word "serotonin transporter" is composed of two main components:
1. Serotonin: The term "serotonin" originates from the combination of the words "serum" and "tonicum", coined in the mid-20th century. "Serum" refers to the clear, liquid component of blood, while "tonicum" derives from the Greek word "tonos", meaning tension or tone. It was initially thought that serotonin played a role in blood clotting due to its presence in serum. However, further research revealed its significant function as a neurotransmitter in the brain.
2. Transporter: The term "transporter" in the context of the "serotonin transporter" refers to a protein that is responsible for the transport or reuptake of serotonin from the synaptic cleft back into the presynaptic neuron. This process helps to regulate the levels of serotonin in the brain and maintain its proper functioning.
