The word "sculling" is spelled with two L's, despite the fact that the sound that the letters represent is usually spelled with only one L in English. This is because "scull" is a unique term used in rowing, and the "ll" spelling distinguishes it from "skull", the bone in the human body. In IPA phonetic transcription, "sculling" is pronounced /ˈskʌlɪŋ/, with the initial "s" sound followed by the short "u" vowel, the "l" consonant, and the "ing" ending.
Sculling refers to a method of propelling a waterborne vessel, usually a small boat or a shell, using one's oars. It involves the simultaneous use of two oars, one in each hand, to generate the necessary propulsion. The oars or sculls, which are thin and relatively short compared to traditional rowing oars, are attached to the boat via swiveling oarlocks. As the rower sits facing backward in the boat, he or she pulls the oars through the water in a synchronized motion known as sculling. This repetitive motion allows for efficient propulsion and control of the vessel's direction.
Sculling can be implemented in various types of watercraft, including single sculls designed for solo rowing, as well as double sculls and quad sculls for two or four rowers respectively. The sport of sculling is popularly practiced in competitive rowing and is a part of events in the Olympic Games and other rowing competitions. It requires not only physical strength and endurance but also a great deal of technique and skill.
Additionally, the term "sculling" can sometimes refer to the specific technique of moving a boat sideways or in a circular pattern. This technique is often employed in narrow waterways where maneuverability is crucial. In such cases, sculling is achieved by applying alternating pressure on the oars to create a side-to-side or circular motion.
The word "sculling" has its etymology rooted in the Middle English term "skulle", which was derived from the Old English word "sculan" meaning "to owe, be obligated, or be under a moral obligation". In the context of rowing, sculling originally referred to the obligation or duty of a boatman to propel a boat using oars. Over time, the term evolved to specifically represent the rowing technique where each rower uses two oars (or sculls) to propel the boat, hence becoming known as "sculling". The modern usage of the word "sculling" emerged in the late 18th century.