Sandfly fever, also known as pappataci fever or phlebotomus fever, refers to a group of viral diseases transmitted by sandflies. Sandfly fever is common in several regions worldwide, particularly in subtropical and tropical areas. The two main types of viruses that cause sandfly fever are called Toscana virus and Naples virus, each belonging to the Phlebovirus genus in the family Bunyaviridae.
The primary mode of transmission is through the bite of an infected female sandfly. These tiny insects typically reside in warm, rural environments such as forests, caves, and fields. Sandfly fever can affect both humans and animals but is more commonly found in humans.
The symptoms of sandfly fever typically manifest within 3 to 14 days after being exposed to the virus. The most common signs include sudden onset of high fever, severe headache, muscle and joint pain, chills, fatigue, and weakness. Other less frequent symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, and rash.
Fortunately, most cases of sandfly fever are mild and self-limiting, with symptoms resolving within a week. However, some individuals may experience more severe complications like meningitis or encephalitis, which require timely medical intervention.
To prevent sandfly fever, it is recommended to avoid sandfly-biting areas or use insect repellents containing DEET, wear protective clothing, and sleep in properly screened or air-conditioned rooms. There is currently no specific vaccine available against sandfly fever, so preventive measures are crucial in minimizing the risk of infection in endemic regions.
