Rift Valley Fever (RVF) is a viral disease that primarily affects animals, particularly livestock, but can also infect humans. The disease is caused by the Rift Valley Fever virus (RVFV), a member of the Phlebovirus genus in the Bunyaviridae family. RVFV is predominantly transmitted through the bites of mosquitoes, particularly those belonging to the Aedes and Culex species, although other modes of transmission can also occur, such as through direct contact with infected animal tissues.
Characterized by fever, general flu-like symptoms, and in severe cases, hemorrhagic fever, RVF poses a significant threat to both animal and human health. Infected animals often show symptoms such as abortion in pregnant females, high mortality rates in newborns, and liver damage, which can lead to jaundice. In humans, RVF can manifest as a mild febrile illness, but it can also progress to more severe forms, including encephalitis or meningitis.
Rift Valley Fever is endemic to several regions of Africa, with occasional outbreaks occurring in other parts of the world, including the Arabian Peninsula. The disease has significant economic implications due to its impact on livestock productivity and international trade restrictions that may be imposed in response to outbreaks. Effective prevention and control strategies include vaccination of livestock, vector control measures, appropriate animal husbandry practices, and education on personal protective measures for humans living or working in affected areas.
