Rhinoscleroma is a chronic and progressive infectious disease that primarily affects the upper respiratory tract, particularly the nasal cavity, but can also spread to adjacent areas such as the trachea and sinuses. It is caused by the bacteria Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis, which is typically transmitted through contaminated droplets or direct contact with infected individuals.
The main characteristic of rhinoscleroma is the development of granulomatous lesions within the affected areas. These lesions consist of a proliferation of cells known as Mikulicz cells, which are derived from macrophages. Over time, these cells lead to the formation of fibrous tissue, resulting in the thickening and narrowing of the affected airways.
Symptoms of rhinoscleroma often develop gradually and may include nasal obstruction, nasal discharge, difficulty breathing, voice changes, and occasionally, facial deformities. As the disease progresses, these symptoms can worsen and lead to severe complications such as airway obstruction or extensive damage to the facial structures.
Diagnosis of rhinoscleroma involves a thorough medical history and physical examination. Nasal endoscopy, imaging studies (such as computed tomography scans), and microbiological tests, including tissue biopsies and cultures, are often performed to confirm the presence of the bacteria and rule out other conditions.
Treatment typically involves a combination of antibiotics, such as tetracyclines or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, to eliminate the bacteria and prevent further complications. In cases of advanced disease or severe complications, surgical interventions may be necessary to remove and reconstruct affected tissues.
Overall, rhinoscleroma is a rare but potentially debilitating condition characterized by chronic inflammation and fibrosis of the upper respiratory tract. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are
