Regulatory T lymphocytes, also known as Tregs, are a specialized subset of white blood cells called T lymphocytes or T cells. They play a crucial role in the regulation of the immune system and maintaining immune homeostasis (balance). Tregs are responsible for preventing the immune system from attacking the body's own tissues and regulating immune responses to foreign substances.
These cells are characterized by the expression of a protein called CD4 and a transcription factor called Foxp3, which is essential for their development and function. Tregs possess unique receptors on their cell surface, allowing them to recognize and interact with other immune cells and molecules, enabling them to exert their regulatory effects.
Tregs are involved in modulating the activity of other immune cells, suppressing their responses, and preventing excessive or harmful immune reactions such as autoimmune diseases and allergies. They achieve this by inhibiting the activation and proliferation of other immune cells, including T cells, B cells, and antigen-presenting cells. Tregs also secrete anti-inflammatory molecules, such as interleukin-10 and transforming growth factor-beta, which further suppress immune responses.
Defects or deficiencies in regulatory T lymphocytes can lead to a dysregulated immune system, resulting in the development of various autoimmune diseases and chronic inflammatory conditions. Conversely, excessive Treg activity can lead to immune suppression and an increased susceptibility to infections and tumors.
Understanding the biology and function of regulatory T lymphocytes is crucial in both research and clinical practice, as they hold great potential for the development of novel immunotherapies for various immune disorders and diseases.
