Red water fever, also known as bacillary hemoglobinuria, is a serious and often fatal infectious disease that primarily affects cattle, though it can occasionally occur in sheep and other ruminants. This condition is caused by the bacterium Clostridium haemolyticum, which releases toxins that damage the liver and red blood cells.
The name "red water fever" is derived from one of the prominent symptoms of the disease, where affected animals exhibit red or dark urine due to the destruction of red blood cells and subsequent release of hemoglobin. Other clinical signs of red water fever include fever, anemia, weight loss, decreased appetite, lethargy, and pale mucous membranes. In severe cases, the disease can progress rapidly, leading to shock, organ failure, and death.
Infection occurs through contamination of the environment with the bacterial spores, which can persist for long periods in soil and water. The spores can enter the animal's bloodstream through damaged liver tissues or through ingestion. Factors such as liver fluke infestation, liver damage caused by other infections, or trauma can predispose animals to red water fever.
Prevention of red water fever involves vaccination of cattle with an appropriate vaccine, as well as implementing good management practices to prevent ingestion of contaminated water or feed. Prompt diagnosis and treatment with appropriate antibiotics and supportive care can improve the chances of survival in affected animals.
Overall, red water fever poses a significant threat to livestock, especially cattle, and requires careful management, vaccination, and prompt veterinary attention to control and prevent its occurrence.
