Raskolniki, also known as Old Believers, refers to a religious movement that emerged in Russia in the mid-17th century, following the schism within the Russian Orthodox Church. The term "Raskolniki" literally translates to "schismatics" in Russian.
The schism was primarily caused by a series of liturgical reforms introduced by Patriarch Nikon, who sought to bring the Russian Orthodox Church in line with Greek Orthodox practices. This led to a deep divide among the faithful, with some Orthodox Christians accepting Nikon's reforms, while others vehemently opposed and clung to the traditional rituals and practices that predated the changes.
The Raskolniki rejected the religious reforms and became a dissenting faction. They disagreed with the revised liturgical texts, changes in iconography, and alterations in the way religious ceremonies were conducted. The movement grew rapidly, drawing adherents from various walks of life, including peasants, tradespeople, and even some members of the nobility.
The Raskolniki faced persecution and repression, particularly under Tsarist rule, as the official Church deemed them as heretics. They endured restrictions, confiscation of property, and physical punishments. Despite this, the movement managed to survive and even thrived in certain regions, maintaining their distinct religious practices and traditions.
Today, the Raskolniki or Old Believers continue to exist as a minority within the Russian Orthodox Church. They are characterized by their adherence to the pre-Nikonian liturgical practices and distinctive customs, which make them a unique and important part of Russia's religious and cultural heritage.
