QUARKS Meaning and
Definition
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Quarks are elementary particles and a fundamental constituent of matter in the field of particle physics. They are believed to be the smallest known particles and are considered the building blocks of protons and neutrons, which in turn make up the atomic nucleus. Quarks are classified as fermions and are subject to the laws of quantum mechanics.
Quarks possess fractional electric charges, with values of either +2/3 or -1/3, and are bound together by the strong nuclear force, which is one of the four fundamental forces of nature. The strong force acts through the exchange of particles called gluons, which maintain the binding energy between quarks.
Quarks exist in six different types or flavors, known as up (u), down (d), charm (c), strange (s), top (t), and bottom (b). Each quark flavor has a corresponding antiparticle with an opposite charge. Quarks also have another property known as color charge, which is unrelated to their visual color. The color charge is associated with the strong force and has three possible values, referred to as red, green, and blue.
Due to the nature of the strong force, quarks are never observed individually in isolation, but always exist in combination with other quarks or antiquarks, forming composite particles called hadrons. Quarks play a crucial role in our understanding of the fundamental makeup of matter and the interactions between particles within the subatomic realm.
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Etymology of QUARKS
The word "quark" was coined by the physicist Murray Gell-Mann in 1963. Gell-Mann took the name from a quote in James Joyce's novel "Finnegans Wake", which reads:
"Three quarks for Muster Mark! Sure he hasn't got much of a bark. And sure any he has it's all beside the mark".
Gell-Mann found the word "quark" to be a simple and resonant choice for the elementary particles he was proposing. It has since become a widely used term in particle physics.
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