A pyramidal neuron, also referred to as a pyramidal cell, is a type of neuron found in the central nervous system, particularly in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala. It is named for its distinct pyramidal shape, characterized by a triangular cell body with a single, elongated apical dendrite that extends towards the outer layer of the cortex.
These neurons are considered the principal excitatory cells in the cerebral cortex and play a crucial role in information processing and communication within the brain. They receive inputs from various sources, including other neurons, and transmit electrical signals, called action potentials, along their axon to other neurons or targets.
The basal dendrites of pyramidal neurons extend horizontally from the cell body, allowing them to receive information from a broader spatial area. Additionally, they possess numerous dendritic spines, tiny protrusions on the dendrites, which serve as sites for synapse formation and enable communication with other neurons.
Pyramidal neurons are known for their ability to integrate and process information from multiple sources, making them essential for functions such as sensory perception, motor control, learning, and memory. Their involvement in various brain regions underscores their importance in complex cognitive processes and behavior regulation.
Understanding the morphology, connectivity, and functional characteristics of pyramidal neurons is central to comprehending the neural mechanisms underlying brain function and the basis of several neurological disorders. Therefore, studying and investigating the properties of pyramidal neurons contribute significantly to our knowledge of brain structure and function.
