Pteridophyta, also known as the ferns, is one of the major groups of vascular plants, which are characterized by the presence of true roots, stems, and leaves. It is a diverse group comprising around 12,000 known species, distributed worldwide, with the majority found in tropical regions.
The term "pteridophyta" is derived from the Greek words "pteris" meaning fern and "phyton" meaning plant, reflecting its association with ferns. These plants are unique in that they reproduce and disperse through spores, as opposed to seeds. This differentiates them from other vascular plants like gymnosperms and angiosperms.
The morphology of pteridophytes typically features large, flattened leaves called fronds, which are often dissected into smaller leaflets or pinnules. These leaves arise from a rhizome, an underground stem, which anchors the plant and absorbs nutrients from the soil. Pteridophytes also exhibit a circulatory system of specialized tissues, consisting of xylem and phloem, responsible for water and nutrient transportation.
In terms of habitat, pteridophytes can thrive in a variety of environments, ranging from terrestrial to aquatic. They are commonly found in forests, wetlands, mountainsides, and even in urban areas. Many species are adapted to a life cycle with alternating generations, where the sporophyte (diploid phase) produces spores that give rise to the gametophyte (haploid phase), which in turn produces gametes for fertilization.
Pteridophyta has significant ecological importance, as ferns play a crucial role in various ecosystems. They contribute to soil enrichment, prevent erosion, and provide shelter and food for numerous
