PRRSV, also known as Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus, is a highly contagious viral pathogen that affects pigs. It belongs to the family Arteriviridae and the genus Betaarterivirus. PRRSV primarily targets the respiratory and reproductive systems of swine, causing significant economic losses to the pig industry worldwide.
The virus is characterized by its genetic diversity, with two main genotypes existing: European (Type 1) and North American (Type 2). PRRSV infects pigs of all ages, but it is particularly severe in reproductive animals, resulting in reproductive failure, stillbirths, mummified fetuses, and weak piglets. Respiratory symptoms include pneumonia, coughing, and difficulty breathing. Infected pigs may also exhibit anorexia, fever, lethargy, and weight loss.
Transmission occurs through direct contact with bodily fluids, including nasal secretions, saliva, urine, and feces from infected pigs. The virus can spread via contaminated equipment, personnel, and fomites. Additionally, vertical transmission from an infected sow to their offspring during gestation contributes to the perpetuation of PRRSV in swine populations.
Preventing and controlling PRRSV involves strict biosecurity measures, hygiene practices, and vaccination strategies. Due to the virus's genetic variability, vaccines can offer partial protection and vary in efficacy between strains. Management practices such as quarantine procedures, herd surveillance, and minimizing contact with infected animals are essential in preventing the introduction and spread of PRRSV within a farm.
