Porcine Influenza Viruses (PIVs) are a group of viruses that primarily infect pigs. They belong to the family Orthomyxoviridae and the genus Influenzavirus C. PIVs are characterized by their ability to cause respiratory illness and other clinical symptoms in pigs, resulting in significant economic losses in the swine industry worldwide.
PIVs are enveloped viruses with a segmented RNA genome. There are three main subtypes of PIVs: PIV-1, PIV-2, and PIV-3. PIV-1 is commonly known as swine influenza A virus and is the most well-studied subtype. PIV-2 and PIV-3 are less common and have been associated with milder respiratory diseases in pigs.
Porcine Influenza Viruses are highly contagious and can be transmitted through direct contact between infected and susceptible pigs, as well as through respiratory droplets expelled by infected animals. Humans can also contract PIV infections, although this is relatively rare. When human infection occurs, it is usually associated with close contact with infected pigs, such as in occupational settings or during animal handling.
Clinical signs of porcine influenza in pigs include fever, coughing, nasal discharge, lethargy, and reduced appetite. In severe cases, pneumonia and other complications can develop, leading to increased mortality rates. The prevention and control of PIVs in pig populations involve vaccination, strict biosecurity measures, and surveillance programs to identify and isolate infected animals.
Understanding and monitoring Porcine Influenza Viruses is crucial to mitigate their impact on pig health and the swine industry, as well as to minimize the risk of zoonotic transmission to humans.
