Photophthalmia is a medical condition characterized by the inflammation and irritation of the eyes, specifically caused by prolonged exposure to intense light or ultraviolet (UV) radiation. The term itself is derived from the Greek words "photo" meaning light and "ophthalmos" meaning eye. Also known as photokeratitis or ultraviolet keratitis, photophthalmia is commonly referred to as "snow blindness" when caused by reflection of sunlight off snow or ice.
Excessive exposure to high levels of light, such as from welding arcs, tanning beds, or sunlamps, or direct sunlight without proper eye protection can result in photophthalmia. The condition arises due to UV radiation damaging the cornea, the transparent layer covering the front part of the eye, as well as the conjunctiva, the thin, clear tissue that covers the front part of the eye and inner surfaces of the eyelids.
Symptoms of photophthalmia include redness, pain, swelling, excessive tearing, blurry vision, sensitivity to light (photophobia), foreign body sensation, and sometimes temporary vision loss. Typically, these symptoms develop a few hours after exposure but may manifest sooner in severe cases.
Treatment for photophthalmia generally involves supportive care to alleviate symptoms, such as the use of lubricating eye drops, cold compresses, and wearing dark, protective sunglasses. In severe cases, medical intervention may be needed, including prescription eye drops or ointments to reduce inflammation, minimize pain, and prevent infection.
Prevention is crucial to avoid photophthalmia. It can be achieved by wearing proper eyewear with UV protection, such as sunglasses or goggles, when engaging in activities with potential high light exposure.
