The peritoneums (singular: peritoneum) refer to a double-layered membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and covers most of the organs within it. This thin, serous membrane has vital functions including support, protection, and lubrication for the organs it covers. Comprised of two main layers, the parietal peritoneum lines the inner surface of the abdominal wall, while the visceral peritoneum envelops and adheres to the organs within the abdominal cavity.
The peritoneum is highly vascularized and houses an intricate network of blood vessels, lymphatic channels, and nerves. These vessels enable nutrient exchange, waste removal, and immune function. Additionally, the peritoneum produces a serous fluid to minimize friction between organs, facilitating their movement and preventing irritation.
In addition to its physical protective role, the peritoneum also plays a key role in various bodily functions. It has a pivotal role in digestion and nutrient absorption as it supports the gastrointestinal tract, liver, and pancreas, which are crucial in these processes. The peritoneum also provides support for the reproductive system, including the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries in females.
Diseases that affect the peritoneum can lead to complications such as inflammation (peritonitis), infection, and adhesions that hinder normal organ movement. Pathologies that affect the peritoneum may require medical intervention, including surgical procedures to alleviate symptoms, repair damage, or remove adhesions.
